waldentwo

 It is true that everyone parents their children differently, and I definitely got two separate parenting styles growing up from my mother and father. My mom treated me how her parents treated her as a child and same with my dad and his parents. Looking back, I see that how they were raised really affected their parenting styles. My mom focused on reinforcement while my dad focused more on punishment. A lot of studies show that most punishments are not effective and can actually drive a child away from the parent.  Physical punishments and things such as yelling and screaming were punishments shown to not be effective. These can affect a child in the long-term as well as their future parenting styles. I believe there are certain ways to punish a child when they are exhibiting bad behavior, like time-outs. As we become more informed on the best ways to parent, physical punishments become more frowned upon. It is definitely something that is more "old-school" and was more frequ...

            This conditioning was used as an instrumental for human animals to learn to behave in a way that they would acquire rewards and avoid punishments. This conditioning creates a relation between a behavior and the consequences of that behavior. With operant conditioning, there are three components and the first is, "a response that produces a certain consequence (e.g., lever press-ing produces a food pellet). Secondly, the consequence that serves to either increase or decreases the probability of the response that preceded it (e.g., the consequence of a food pellet increases the rat’s tendency to again press the lever). Then lastly, a discriminative stimulus precedes the response and signals that certain consequences now available (e.g., a tone that signals that a lever press will now produce food."      In real life, you would use operant conditioning like so when you trying to teach your child to talk or walk. So first you sta...

 Reflexes are a critical aspect of our nervous system and we are born with certain reflexes that are either protect us or help us function. Newborns enter the world with reflexes that help them adapt and survive in their new environment outside the womb. One reflex I remember learning about in Psych101 my freshman year is rooting. This is when you can touch a baby's cheek or corner of their mouth and they will turn their head in your direction and open their mouth.. This is an involuntary response that helps them to find a breast or bottle to be fed. A baby's grip is also super strong if you've ever noticed, and this is an involuntary action too. It is a good way to strengthen a bond between you and a baby by holding their hand. Many of these reflexes gradually disappear as the baby ages, and new reflexes are formed.  https://nashvilleparent.com/8-infant-reflexes-baby-s-born-with

 I was so glad to see in this book about noncontingent schedules. It is having a fixed schedule regardless of what stimulus we are presented. I have never realized but I do this. Regardless of my time in the morning whether I wake up early or late I spend the the same time with my morning routine. I have a very strict schedule to follow.     Many ideas in the book led me to believe that we actually all live the same life with the same concepts just to a higher or harder degree; we all collectively have the same experiences. 

Classical conditioning is used a lot when training animals. Rewarding desirable behaviors and punishing undesirable behaviors enables pets to learn how you want them to behave, or maybe just whatever gets them a treat. I have used techniques like this with both my dog and two cats. One of my favorite things I conditioned my dog to do was to ring a bell with her nose whenever she wants/needs to go outside. This was so that if she went to the door to go out when we were in another part of the house, we could at least hear her and come to let her out. It only took a day or two to get her to understand the concept. We kept an eye on her and whenever she went to the door we followed her and put the bell up to her nose making a the sound. We then would try and get her to repeat the movement herself and would reward her with a treat before opening the door. Ten years later and we still hear a bell ring and know she needs to go outside to go to the bathroom. Bells are a common tool for conditi...

I was very shocked to see that eating disorders can be part of behavior. I had always thought that they were something you were genetically born with and had no choice but to have an eating disorder. I now realize that many things can cause you to eat at such a different than normal pace.  I think it is beyond sad how as humans one phrase can change the way we deviate from normal. I think we do this simply because of observational learning. We watch and we see what others do and in the end they influence your every move. Eat disorders are formed nowadays from watching the models on social media or the boys who look so perfect. We need to do better as a society promoting healthy lifestyles and habits. 

Punishment involves the weakening of behavior through the application of an aversive stimulus or the removal of an appetitive stimulus. There are varying types of punishment. Positive punishment consists of presenting a certain event after a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. Basically, the behavior results in the receiving of something that the individual strongly dislikes so that they are far less likely to behave that way in the future. Some examples of positive punishment would be receiving a spanking for swearing or a teacher reprimanding a student in front of the class because they misbehaved.  By contrast, there is also negative punishment. Negative punishment involves removing a certain event after a response, which then leads to a decrease in the strength of that response in future instances. Basically, an individual's behavior results in the removal of something that the individual enjoys so that they are less likely to behav...

    There is a behavior therapy that uses the principle of classical conditioning that stood out to me. It is called Aversion therapy so this is a form of treatment that causes patients to be exposed to a stimulus while being simultaneously subjected to some form of discomfort. This means that a patient has to give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect. The first version of this treatment was when Roman writer Pliny the Elder found that people were addicted to wine. So Ply the Elder thought that if you would put a large spider at the bottom of the wine glass people would automatically be traumatized by the bug. So the next time they pick up a wine glass you would only think about the spider and that would cause you to never drink wine again.     So with this therapy, I feel like a lot of people have done this but not in that type of extreme way like how when mothers try to wean off their babies from drinking from the bottle...

The foundation of many phobias is the development of a classically conditioned fear response, which then fails to disappear because the person avoids the feared stimulus. However, not all phobias are acquired through classical conditioning. Many individuals who experience phobias are unable to remember any particular event before they started experiencing their phobia. Additionally, it's surprising and interesting to note that most people are fairly resilient when they experience frightening events and do not develop chronic fears as in the case of phobias as well as in PTSD. For example, the vast majority of people exposed to bombings by airplanes during World War II endured them pretty well, having short-lasting fears that were very rationale considering their situation, and those fears dissipated quickly thereafter.  Researchers in the field of psychology have proposed that additional variables likely play a role in obtaining phobias as well. Some of these variables include; obs...

 Classical Conditioning is one of my favorite topics to learn about and understand. Pavlov's dogs is obviously the first story you learn about; this concept where dogs are given a stimulus and in return with that stimulus comes a reward. I have never actually seen this portrayed until one day I was watching the show called "The Office." Seeing Classical conditioning happening versus hearing about it allowed my understanding to be much more deep.     During this episode the main character Michael would ring a bell and when the bell was rung Pam would put her hand out and she would be given a mint. This would happen over and over again until anywhere she would hear a bell that she would put her hand out and expect a mint  anywhere. I think it is so funny and will want to eventually try this in my office. 

  Melioration theory formally states that an animal will invest increasing amounts of energy and time into which option or alternative is better for them. In the field of psychology, this theory is used to help explain why organisms make choices based on the rewards or reinforcement that it receives . Based on the levels of reinforcements that are available relative to an individual's options, among other factors, someone may not always make the most optimal decisions for themself. In fact, it is an often occurrence for individuals to engage in less than ideal patterns of behavior. Additionally, although many people are aware that their choices are suboptimal, they experience difficulty with changing their habits. An example of this would be someone who decides to start eating a healthier diet but continuously consuming junk food instead. Furthermore, someone may want to drop an unhealthy habit such as cigarette smoking but can only stick with it for a few days.   When it...

 One of the most common issues that everybody faces and everyone struggles with is self control. Self control is the ability to control and avoid temptations. "the ability to delay gratification and resist unwanted behaviors or urges." Human nature seems to be that we gravitate to whatever gives us the most serotonin or what makes us feel happy. Whether that is food, activities, or even substances. Self control goes hand in hand with addiction which is a disease in and of itself.  We often seek out stimulus that will increase our levels of serotonin and that can lead to substance addiction. In a simple definition, addiction is lack of self control.  As a common thing for my posts, I try to use personal examples in order to give a proper understanding of each topic at and hand for me, I had a serious lack of self control when I used to smoke cigarettes. As smoking is a very common addiction and is the perfect example of succumbing to temptations rather than avoiding them. ...

 One of the most natural ways for one to learn, especially within child development is observational learning. It is when one views or witnesses an action, hears certain words or ways of speaking, or sees certain behavior patterns and then does that same action or vocal pattern. This is one of the most important aspects to child development because if the child finds itself in a negative environment or around negative people, the child can learn from those negative behavioral patterns and potentially have those behaviors going into adulthood.  Pulling from personal experiences, a perfect example of observational learning was when I was in elementary school and I had heard my mother curse the night before on accident, and me being 7 years old thought it was hilarious, so I wanted to let everyone else know how funny that word was the next day at school and repeated it in front of the teacher and lets just say the teacher and my mother were not impressed with my colorful vocabula...

 This post was inspired by a classmate's post on the Mirror Drawing Test (thanks Angelina!). Their post discussed the Mirror Drawing Test's general use in testing motor skills and development in children and adults. Where my post differs is that it reminded me of patient HM, a man who could not form any long-term or explicit memories due to damage to his Hippocampus.  In researching patient HM's abilities to form new skills (and therefore, some type of memory that functions outside of the Hippocampus' role), they had HM do the Mirror Drawing Test 10 times a day, everyday for 3 days. To remind anyone who may have forgotten or does not know, the mirror drawing test is a task that require an individual to simply trace a star within the boundaries of two lines. The catch is that they must do this task while looking in a mirror, not  their hands directly. This reverses our movements and makes the task fairly difficult. What they found with HM is that, despite not being able ...

 Our ability as human beings to recognize and think about ourselves and, perhaps more importantly, other people, is profound. With this level of self awareness comes too our ability to think  about thinking itself , also known as metacognition . Much of these abilities seem to be innate for likely all neurotypical people. Much like how a bird cannot help but to forage, build nests, fly away from Winter, etc.; how a plant grows towards sunlight and sucks in water; or how an animal cannot help but express itself in ways that it knows how, so too are humans no different. Human beings act like human beings much in the same way that a dog behaves as a dog, or a cat acts like a cat - the genetic component has determined how  the organism is structured , and that structure determines, in large part, how  that organism behaves .  Even though we are likely the most intelligent species to walk the face of the Earth, our intelligence is still, in large part, an adaptabilit...

Operant Conditioning is a method of learning that reinforces the actions behind rewarding and punishment. Its the method that creates a learning system as time progresses, also a method that was developed by B.F. Skinner whom believed that behavior that is prolonged by positive consequences will be continued. According to the article, Sleep supports inhibitory operant conditioning memory in Aplysia, there's a cognitive relation. Sleep is said to support memory consolidation as shown in mammals and invertebrates such as bees and Drosophila ( Vorster, A. P. A., & Born, J. (2017) It is expressed in the article that animals inhibit a repetitive cycle of showing consolidation in their memory. Mammals were subjected using their own energy when they are properly resting at a duration of 17hrs.  https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.045054.117

Phobias can be defined simply as an extreme fear of an object, experience, etc. Phobias are something a majority of individuals suffer from and the levels of intensity can vary. Intensive phobias can cause higher levels of anxiety and so much so that individuals can struggle with daily function. They often stem from childhood experiences that were so traumatic, it caused an individual such intense fear and anxiety that they developed a long term phobia. Phobias can vary from small objects or small creatures to things and places that one would not normally find themselves in. An example of an intense phobia is Arachnophobia is one of the most common fears and that is an intense fear of spiders, which is also a phobia I myself have. Another phobia is Acrophobia which is the intense fear of heights.  Arguably the most extreme treatment for phobias is flooding. Flooding is "rather than exposing a person to their phobic stimulus gradually, a person is exposed to the most frightening si...

 Despite B.F. Skinner being intensely deterministic, he was incredibly skilled in the art form of self-control. Determinism is the belief that, for the most part, humans are entirely a result of their genetics, or some other cause that supersedes what is commonly called "free will". From Skinner's perspective, organisms and their genes interact with the environment to reproduce behavior that is the most adaptable at the time. Since Skinner so strongly believed in this notion of behavior being a result of environmental interaction, he curated his environment to influence his behavior.  Skinner often recommended creating spaces for a specific task. Changing one's environment, and restricting that environments use to specific tasks, creates a conditioned response (behavior) to the conditioned stimulus (the room, being paired with the task). To put it more colloquially, Skinner made his environment one in which he could vibe better.  Skinner also made it a point to do the...

According to the article,  Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness, self awareness regulates the mindfulness through systematic mental training of knowing one's self. While self-regulation focuses on one being mindful of their own behavior. Self-transcendence focuses on the upliftment of one's abilities and needs that will increase their own prosocial characteristics about themselves ( Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012) Knowing how to control your own thoughts and behavior can be very reinforcing in your life. It prevents negative traits and factors that could possibly impact your own health and mental state. For example, if you speak into existence that you will have a great day, then you have manifested what you know you will have although you don't know. However, if your more "glum" about what your day may consist of then you will manifest that outcome...

 According to the textbook, elicited behavior (also known as respondent behavior) is a behavior that is drawn out by a preceding stimulus. An example of elicited behaviors is a sneeze produced by a particle  of dust or a startle reaction to the sound of a gunshot. These examples brought attention to me because of the physical traits that humans express when they respond to these actions. It intrigued me how many times in my life I have sneezed or heard a firearm at target ranges, but never knew the psychological reason behind them.

 Phobias... A common phobia is the fear of heights. If this sounds like you, I can definitely relate. My fear of heights also known as acrophobia started as far back as I can remember. This is congruent with research, that tells us "phobias can happen in early childhood. But they are often first seen between ages 15 and 20" (Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2021).  Phobias are uncontrollable, and have multiple factors involved in it's development. These factors include biological factors such as genetics, and environmental factors such as a terrible first experience with heights. Although known as a "fear of heights" it is not actually the height the causes the reaction to such situations, instead it is the fear of falling. Phobias are usually linked with an extreme reaction, such as panic attacks, and actions taken to far lengths, to steer clear of heights. It is also common for people to have more than one phobia, do you have any? https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health...

 What is negative punishment? B.F Skinner, American psychologist developed the theory of operant conditioning. This theory states, the behavior of a person (or animal) can be altered (increased or decreased) by adding or removing stimuli following a specific behavior.  Negative punishment occurs when a positive stimuli is removed following a behavior. For example, a teen boy cheats on his quiz at school, and the teacher informs the parents. The parents decide to negatively punish their son by taking away his video game system. The game system serves as his positive stimuli. The removal of the stimuli will in theory, prevent the behavior (cheating on quiz) from occurring again. Skinner further proclaims that negative punishment must be consistent in order to be the most effective. This means the punishment must be administered every time following such behavior. The following video shows an example of negative punishment:

 As we know, classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov. This type of conditioning is also known as respondent conditioning and occurs when two linked stimuli produce a newly learn response. Pavlov discovery was a product of his experiment involving two dogs. He rang a bell immediately before feeding the dogs, and therefore the dogs associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of food. The bell(sound) and the food are the two linked stimuli, and the newly learned (conditioned) response was the dogs salvation after the bell was rung. There is a perfect example of this in my personal life. My cat loves to loudly meow in my face for attention over night. I began to get out of bed to feed him, as he always quiets down after eating. I noticed after a week or so, my cat know associates loudly meowing in my face with getting fed. I am currently trying to figure out how to uncondition this response, as the quality of my sleep has decreased. Here is a video with a more informa...

Elicited behaviors are involuntary reactions that happen as a result of a specific environmental stimulus (Daffin, 2021). There are two different types of elicited behaviors, which are reflexes and fixed action patterns. A reflex is a simple automatic response to a stimulus, involving one gland or a set of muscles. In fact, there are three kinds of reflexes, the startle response, the orienting response, and flexion. The startle response is a defensive reaction that takes place given a sudden and or unexpected stimulus. In this case, muscles automatically contract and a change within internal organs and hormone regulation takes place. An example of this reflex is an individual's response to a loud noise, seen in the involuntary movement of limbs, often a bending motion, and an avoidance movement of the head, often drifting down towards the shoulder. The orienting response occurs when an individual automatically positions him or herself to facilitate attending to a stimulus. For exam...

In psychological terms, extinction is referred to as the progressive weakening of a response that leads to a behavior to either decrease in occ urrence or disappear entirely. In classical conditioning, if a conditioned stimulus appears independently, rather than in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will soon pause (Cherry, 2019). This can be seen in Pavlov's dogs, in which they were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a chiming bell. Extinction appeared when the bell would chime and food was not given simultaneously, causing the dogs' salivation response to halt.  Operant conditioning occurs when an unconditioned stimulus with reinforcement are associated to alter a conditioned response. When looking at extinction in operant conditioning, it can be seen directly following a discriminative stimulus when response reinforcement stops (Cherry, 2019). For example, an individual associates the sound of a certain text tone with a message from a ...

    Many individuals can have many different phobias that are detrimental to their well-being. Overcoming phobias can be extremely hard and oftentimes, therapy is needed. The type of behavioral therapy used to treat phobias is called systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization was developed in the 1950s with the intent of removing the fear factor of phobias. In replace of the fear response, the therapy aims to create a relaxation response to treat the phobia at hand.      The desensitization process can include the patient imagining the phobic stimulus or they can be directly exposed to it in the therapy session. The patient focuses on relaxation by taking part in activities such as breathing and meditation exercises. By focusing on their fears in a linear pattern from lowest to highest, they will use these exercises to coach themselves through the phobic responses one by one until they are able to work their way to the highest fear response with succ...

       Self-control relates to an individual's ability to resist temptation and better themselves. The human beings' ability to use their prefrontal cortex to assist in creating decision-making and problem solving strategies is astounding. Self-control is critical to an individual's well-being because a failure to resist temptation and negative habits can result in harmful effects on both mental and physical health. Willpower is the presentation of one's ability to show self-control and resist temptation.      It is important that self-control not be a form of punishment. Avoiding temptation may be difficult for many but it should not be in the form of punishment or depriving oneself. In order to avoid it feeling like a punishment, one can find new desires and new ways to pleasure themselves in order to distract from the negative temptations. By focusing in on specific goals at specific times rather than multiple goals at once, one can find it easier t...

       Albert Bandura's focus on observing, modeling, and imitation provided an avid explanation for behavior and I feel it is most relevant to behavior theory today. By conducting the Bobo doll experiment, Bandura was able to prove that individuals learn behavior by observing and imitating others. Those who are being observed are the models for behavior. Imitation has a great effect on society and how people go about their everyday lives. This theory has a strong foundation and clearly shows the importance of being surrounded by positive models whose behaviors are appropriate to imitate.      People watch others and surround themselves with people they respect and admire. Because of this, individuals tend to imitate the behaviors of those around them who have acted as models. This is most often seen in children. Children can be observed imitating the behaviors of adults around them or even other children around them. As children grow, they shape into ...

Learning is a process in which knowledge, behaviors, skills, and lessons are obtained through either experiences, the action of being taught, and or studying. Development is a process that fosters growth and change, often centered around what has already been learned and the long-term goals in relation to such material. When discussing general psychological constructivism, Piaget is most commonly thought of, as he conceptualized the idea of ways in which long-term development determines a child's ability to learn, rather than the reversal (Sutton). Early stages of a child's development are self-centered and revolve heavily on the his or her environmental interactions. Consider this, as a child immerses him or herself into his or her surroundings, the child's initial skills, whether they be language or behavioral, are limited. With school related resources and peer support, development is encouraged, therefore, improving upon language and behavioral skills, and resulting in ...

 Reinforcers and Punishers Related to PTSD     Some people know about the different types of reinforcers and punishers, and how're they're used in psychology. But some people may not know about the long term effects of the usage of these. Both reinforcers and punishers follow a behavior in attempt to either increase or decrease it. Positive reinforcers present a stimulus following a response, that leads to increase of future strength of that response. This is usually pleasant or rewarding. Positive punishment is where the presentation of a stimulus leads to a decrease in future strength of that response. Negative reinforcer is the removal of another stimulus following the response to lead to an increase of future strength. A negative punisher is the removal of a stimulus following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.      Something that people don't typically think about is whether this can affect the child's t...

     Mirror Drawing Test            In this next post, I will talk about the mirror drawing test. The mirror test is where a subject is asked to trace a star on a piece of paper while looking into a mirror. When subjects first try, it seems as though hand coordination is lost and it's as if the task is nearly impossible. But with more attempts, your brain adapts to the difference of looking through the mirror, and the project becomes easier. The picture above shows how the man makes less mistakes over a period of a few days.       The mirror drawing test challenges your visual and motor skills. It also calculates learning progress, coordination, and neuropsychological damage. This is actually a classroom activity given to young kids in school, to help them understand the idea of perception. The video below is a brief clip of how mirror drawing is used as a classroom activity. The website below that is an example packe...

  What is Adjunctive Behavior?  Adjunctive behavior is the excessive pattern of behavior that emerges due to the reinforcement of another behavior. Simply out, because of one behavior, another behavior emerges as a result.  An example of adjunctive behavior, which is also known as schedule-induced behavior , is an experiment with rats. In this experiment, conducted by psychologist John Falk, trained rats to press a lever for food. The food however, was dispensed on an intermittent schedule. To combat this, the rats would drink water during the duration of waiting before pressing the lever for more food pellets.  The act of drinking water to combat hunger, is the behavior that emerges in adjunction to pressing the lever for food, which is the original act. Within this experiment there were a couple distinction Falk had made about the experiment;  Adjunctive behavior occurs within the period following the consumption of the pellets. This meant that the rats ...

    Type A and Type B Personalities           The two most common and most noticeable personality types amongst people are Type A and Type B.  This is because of the drastic difference between them, number one being that people with Type A personalities are more anxious and stressed while people with Type B personalities tend to be more calm, focused, and relaxed. The reason for the drastic difference has to do with a mix physical, mental, and emotional factors. Although, the majority of people tend to actually have a mix of personalities instead of one strict type. For example some people could be a moderate Type A personality with some aspects of Type B, while others can be a moderate Type B, with aspects of Type A.            Because Type A traits tend to be more stress related, they also seem to deal with more health deficits. For example they have higher risks of physical diseases such as heart di...

  The Ainslie–Rachlin Model of Self-Control The Ainslie and Rachlin model focuses on control and reward. Simply put, the model can be defined as the change in preference of having a smaller reward sooner or a large reward later. An example would be how many college students start their day with the intentions to study for an upcoming exam, but later in the day, they find themselves watching Netflix. As time passes, the reward of watching a show or movie seems greater than the reward of studying. This can also be defined as a reversal of preference. To further explain, the value of the reward increases and time decreases.  Another common example is asking a child if they would rather open their Christmas gifts a few days early or enjoy more presents all at once on Christmas Day. Since the reward of opening a gift earlier is much more appealing in time and value, the child is likely to pick the first choice. However, as Christmas approaches, the value of Christmas Day increases...

The Importance of Habituation and Sensitization     In the process of learning, having a repeated  presentation of a stimulus can change behavior. There are two mechanisms used in learning known as habituation and sensitization.  Habituation  is the decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior which is followed by a  repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus. An example of habituation would be a student reading in a library, tuning out background noises like page flipping, whispering, but once their friend arrives, the unexpected stimulus can elicit a response from that student!  Sensitization would be the opposite. Instead, it is the increase  of strength in the behavior followed by repeating measures of the stimulus. An example of sensitization would be most relevant in trauma survivors. For instance, a veteran with experience in weaponry and bombs, would react negatively to fireworks, as it triggers the sam...

There has been some heavy controversy on using animals in research. But, with everything involved in studies, there are pros and cons to using this method of testing. The pros involved are that they are able to control their genetic makeup. They know everything about the animals genetic history and can control whether the animal has children or not. The scientists can also control the animals learning history. If the animal is used from when the animal was a baby, then the scientists can control what has been done to them and when they learn. Another advantage is that the scientists can strictly control the environment that the animal is in. This is more controlled then when the experiments are done on humans, because we cannot fully control a persons environment ethically. Lastly, some research cannot be ethically done on humans. There are some things that animals can endure, like drug addiction, and that the scientists can get them successfully off of it while with humans they would ...

 Many of us has heard of the eating disorder Anorexia Nervosa. But, have we learned the studies about it? There were scientist that compared the Activity Anorexia in rats in an experiment to the human version of this. There are several similarities between activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans. For example, just as activity anorexia in rats can be precipitated by imposing a restricted schedule of feeding, so too anorexia nervosa in humans usually begins when the person deliberately undertakes a diet to lose weight. This can start innocently enough, but an turn a bad turn when they start to obssess over it. Even more significant, anorexia in humans, as with anorexia in rats, is often accompanied by very high levels of activity  This may consist of a deliberate exercise program designed to facilitate weight loss, or it may be displayed as a severe sort of restlessness. For example, we can see it when people have this disease is when they block out their entire...

       Negative punishment consists of the removal of a certain event following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. In everyday terms, the behavior results in the removal of something the person or likes, so the subject is less likely to behave that way in the future. I'm sure we all can remember being punished when we were younger. There are two types of negative punishment, one being time-out and the other being response cost. When you send a child for their time-out, usually you send them to their room or a corner for a pre-determined amount of time. Most parents execute this poorly though, because usually it will have the opposite effect on the child. The example the book uses is that if the child does not want to sit at the table, it will act as a positive reinforcement because then the child knows that if it doesn't want to sit there, they will just misbehave again. If using the punishment correctly, it should be ...

Type A personalities are high achievers, hardworking, and more aggressive people who constantly work towards their goals. These people are always working at a faster pace and can have a lower level of patience. People with Type A personalities are short-tempered and are highly competitive. Some people with Type A personalities can come off as narcissistic and overly confident. These individuals want to make their presence known. Many people with this personality type are hard on themselves while also being hard on others. Type B personalities are less dominant and more humble, and easy-going. They are more likely to do one thing at a time and are less affected by time constraints. People with Type B personalities are the opposite of Type A, which allows them to be more patient and less hot-headed. Paying attention to these two personality types is necessary because health problems like a heart attack can be caused by too much stress, which is more likely to occur with someone who has a...