In order to interact with others, it is important to be able to apply your existing knowledge to your current situation. Along with having the capability to connect what's going on in someone else's head to infer their intentions which influence their actions. This includes hopes, fears, beliefs, and expectations. Some social interactions can be more complex than others which can lead to misunderstandings, but once you have a firm grip on your bearings then you are able to respond accordingly. This part of a child’s developmental process is vital.
Theory of mind can be enhanced by opportunities such as:
to engage in rich pretend play;
to talk about people’s thoughts, wants, and feelings, and the reasons why they act the way they do.
to hear and talk about stories, especially those involving surprises, secrets, tricks, and mistakes, that invite children to see things from different points of view (for example, Red Riding Hood doesn’t know that the wolf is dressed up as grandma).
This video is an example of the false belief test:
Motivated Behavior is typically driven by one of two forms of motivation.
Extrinsic- motivated to perform an activity by gaining a reward and avoiding punishment.
Extrinsic comes from within.
Intrinsic- motivated to perform and activity due to your own personal reward, goal and/or interest.
Intrinsic comes from outside forces.
( Both are derived from some type of incentive. )
During Classical conditioning, behavior is involuntary and inflexible. The behavior is elicited by the stimulus. Conditioning deals with stimulus-responce. During Operant conditioning ,the behavior is voluntary and flexible. The behavior also is emitted by the organism. This type of conditioning deals with a stimulus-responce, just like Operant Conditioning. This conditioning usually does not involve patterns of behavior that are innate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTVQHhbhYbA
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning:
Classical conditioning is thinking by interaction and has been developed by Pavlov. In basic words , two inputs are connected together to produce a new acquired reaction in a human or animal. There are three stages of classical conditioning which are Before Conditioning, During Conditioning and After Conditioning
Negative reinforcement is a term described by B.F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. He explains it as a response or behavior that is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.
Think of this reinforcement as something being subtracted from the situation.
Negative reinforcement uses two different types of behaviors: escape and avoidance.
In escape behavior the occurrence of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus. Where in avoidance behavior, the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
Both escape and avoidance are types of negative reinforcement, both result in an increase of the behavior that terminated or avoided the aversive stimulus. Both create emotional responses that say, phew, thank god that is over.
This reinforcement is seen most effective when reinforcers are presented immediately following a behavior. When a long period elapses between the behavior and the reinforcer, the response is likely to be weaker.
For example, with animals the beep on the shock collar before the shock. The dog is now aware of what that noise means due to its conditioning history that the beep predicts pain if the current behavior continues.
Example of Negative reinforcement in the show Big Bang Theory:
There is a self-awareness test called mark and mirror task designed by Gordon Gallup, an animal behaviorist, and Beulah Amsterdam, a clinical child psychologist. This test was invented to understand the ability to see oneself as separate from others. Both researchers knew that young children and apes had a liking for mirrors, but were curious if they were using them for the same purpose.
We are not innately self-aware. Once we develop this state of mind we gain the ability to notice our traits, behaviors, and feelings. Changing our focus and applying our attention to ourselves. Allowing us to achieve differentiation so we can truly understand our experience and learn from situations in our environment with people we are connected to.
Quote from Gordon Gallup:
“Once you can become the object of your own attention, and you can begin to think about yourself, you can use your experience to infer comparable experiences in others.”
It is found that both humans and animals develop self recognition before the age of 3.
Video explaining Gordon Gallup mark and mirror task:
https://videopress.com/v/uhQkCBcU
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